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between mobile users and base stations with the aim of introducing the mechanisms and the services that the MAC layer provides to realize the radio resource allocation The Radio Interface The radio interface specifies how both user data and signaling information has to be exchanged between the mobile user and the network [1] Depending on the user data transfer requirements, three different operational modes have been defined: 1 Transparent data transfer provides only segmentation and reassembly procedures 2 Unacknowledged data transfer provides error and duplicate detection, but no attempts at recovering corrupted messages 3 Acknowledged data transfer provides a guaranteed delivery of messages from/to upper layers Below, we will focus on the radio interface adopted in the TD-CDMA system This interface is named UMTS terrestrial radio access time division duplex (UTRA-TDD) To support data connections with different bit rates, the TD-CDMA system utilizes coding sequences with variable spreading factor (SF).

Since the chip rate is fixed at 384 Mchip/s, the lower the SF value, the higher the data rate In TD-CDMA, the spreading factor may take values 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 To limit the interference between users transmitting in the same time slot, we need to assign them orthogonal codes, ie, with zero cross-correlation This is obtained in UMTS by adopting orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes [3, 4] By using codes with SF = 16, we can have, in principle, up to 16 simultaneous transmissions in the same time slot Each transmission can deliver a unit quota of traffic, referred to as a resource unit (RU) In general, with SF = x we can have (in the same time slot) only x simultaneous transmissions, which can deliver data corresponding to up to 16/x RUs.

To simplify the presentation, hereafter we will always assume SF = 16 Whenever, we wish to assign to a connection a SF less than 16, say x, from a logical standpoint, it is equivalent to assigning to that connection x orthogonal codes with SF = 16 In the TD-CDMA access mode, the channel is structured in frames of 10 msec length, and each frame contains 15 time slots Therefore, the radio channel can be modeled by the time-code matrix shown in Figure 714 In this matrix, the (i, j) element corresponds to the RU associated to the i-th code (with SF = 16) in the j-th time slot of the frame The RUs of the matrix are used to transmit signaling traffic and users data both in the uplink and downlink directions.

Using phasors, transform a set of differential eq uations in the time domain into a set of algebraic equations in the frequency domain. Solve the algebraic equations for the unknown pbasors. Transform the now known phasors back to the time domain.

UTRA-TDD has several signaling channels [2, 5], but for the purpose of the following discussion we only introduce the following: Synchronization Channel (SCH): downlink channel that delivers all the necessary information to guarantee the synchronism between mobile users and the base station This synchronism is fundamental to correctly interpreting the frame structure and to identifying the location of the broadcast channel within the frame Broadcast Channel (BCH): downlink channel that delivers specific information related to the cell, such as the frame structure and random access channel location within the frame..

You might consider this option even if your backup device came with free burning software because more than likely that free software is a no-frills, stripped-down version that is barely adequate.

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The tools on the left side of the dialog box allow you to use your mouse to adjust the Lens Correction settings from top to bottom, the Remove Distortion tool, Straighten tool, Move Grid tool, Hand tool, and Zoom tool either correspond with a slider on the right or help you control the Preview area. For example, if you prefer a more hands-on approach to using this filter, use the Remove Distortion tool to drag on the Preview of the image instead of dragging the Remove Distortion slider. You can adjust the Angle setting by dragging to draw a line on the Preview with the Straighten tool.